ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Logic-gated and contextual control of immunotherapy for solid tumors: contrasting multi-specific T cell engagers and CAR-T cell therapies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Current progress and emerging trends of car-based immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a data-driven atlas from multidatabase integration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- In vivo immune cell engineering from bench to clinical reality.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2026Review
- Exploring the immunological effects of antibody-drug conjugates.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Next-generation CAR-T cell therapy against cancer: precision engineering, programmable immunity, and emerging clinical frontiers.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Bioengineered cell therapies for pediatric solid tumors: unmet needs and a measurement-integrated approach.Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England) · 2026Review
- Emerging frontiers in adoptive cell therapies: engineering innovations, current challenges, and manufacturing perspectives.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Next-generation macrophage engineering in cancer therapy: From TAM reprogramming to CAR-macrophages.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for solid tumors in pediatric patients: current breakthroughs, dilemmas, and strategies.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Application and challenges of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Immune Cell-Based Therapies for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Latest Advancements and Directions.Cancers · 2026Review
- Bispecific CAR T and CAR NK cells in dual-threat immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Evaluation of CAR-T Cell Gene Therapy, Tracing its Revolutionary Clinical Breakthroughs and Advancements Towards Next-Generation Engineering.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical trial landscape of CAR-based cell therapy for gastrointestinal malignancies.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- Advances and challenges of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in digestive system malignancies.World journal of clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Next-generation CAR-T engineering for colorectal cancer: integrating targets, tumor microenvironment barriers, and emerging strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Next-generation T cell engagers for cancer and autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-Driven Cancer Therapies for Precision Oncology: Advances and Clinical Outlook.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CAR-T cell and T cell engager therapies have demonstrated transformational efficacy against hematological malignancies, but achieving efficacy in solid tumors has been more challenging, in large part because of on-target/off-tumor toxicities and sub-optimal T cell anti-tumor cytotoxic functions. Here, we discuss engineering solutions that exploit biological properties of solid tumors to overcome these challenges. Using logic gates as a framework, we categorize the numerous approaches that leverage two inputs instead of one to achieve better cancer selectivity or efficacy in solid tumors with dual-input CAR-Ts or multi-specific TCEs. In addition to the "OR gate" and "AND gate" approaches that leverage dual tumor antigen targeting, we also review "contextual AND gate" technologies whereby continuous cancer-selective inputs such a pH, hypoxia, target density, tumor proteases, and immune-suppressive cytokine gradients can be creatively incorporated in therapy designs. We also introduce the notion of "output directionality" to distinguish dual-input strategies that mechanistically impact cancer cell killing or T cell fitness. Finally, we contrast the feasibility and potential benefits of the various approaches using CAR-T and TCE therapeutics and discuss why the promising "IF/THEN" and "NOT" gate types pertain more specifically to CAR-T therapies, but can also succeed by integrating both technologies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.