ArticleFrontiers in public health2024
Water, sanitation, and hygiene service inequalities and their associated factors among urban slums and rural communities in Eastern Ethiopia.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Great strides, yet a long way to go: a comparative analysis of WASH conditions and associated sociodemographic factors from national hygiene surveys, 2014 and 2018.Global health action · 2026Article
- Household Water and Handwashing Facilities and Early Childhood Education Participation in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the outcomes of a school-based intervention on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in urban slums of Nigeria: a qualitative evaluation based on implementation research outcome frameworks.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices and their associations with waterborne diseases and malnutrition in Ibrahim Kodbuur District, Hargeisa, Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
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Abstract
Background: Understanding the level of inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) services in urban and rural settlements is crucial for prioritizing community interventions and resource allocation. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding discrepancies in WaSH services across rural and urban slum communities in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aims to assess inequalities in households' WaSH services and their associated factors among urban slums and rural communities in Eastern Ethiopia from February to April 2024. Methods: A comparative community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted, with study participants selected through stratified random sampling using proportional-to-size allocation. Data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and then exported to STATA version 17 for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression was conducted, and associations were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), using a Result: A total of 278 urban and 301 rural households participated in the study, with a response rate of 94%. Key indicators showed that WaSH services were significantly better in urban areas compared to rural households. For example, 98% (95% CI: 96, 99) of urban households had access to an improved water source compared to 76% (95% CI: 71, 80) of rural households. The proportion of households with improved latrines was 44% (95% CI: 38, 50) in urban areas and only 14% (95% CI: 11, 19) in rural areas. Handwashing practices at all five critical times were reported by 52% (95% CI: 46, 58) of urban household heads, compared to 22% (95% CI: 18, 27) of rural households. Additionally, occupation (such as being a farmer, Conclusion: The study revealed that the WaSH services in urban slums are considerably better than in rural households. Socioeconomic factors significantly influence the existing disparities in WaSH services. Stakeholders should focus on providing targeted, strategic support to communities to address the challenges in WaSH service provision.
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