LCD benchmark: long clinical document benchmark on mortality prediction for language models.

objectivesThe application of natural language processing (NLP) in the clinical domain is important due to the rich unstructured information in clinical documents, which often remains inaccessible in structured data. When applying NLP methods to a certain domain, the role of benchmark datasets is crucial as benchmark datasets not only guide the selection of best-performing models but also enable the assessment of the reliability of the generated outputs. Despite the recent availability of language models capable of longer context, benchmark datasets targeting long clinical document classification tasks are absent. MATERIALS AND

methodsTo address this issue, we propose Long Clinical Document (LCD) benchmark, a benchmark for the task of predicting 30-day out-of-hospital mortality using discharge notes of Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV and statewide death data. We evaluated this benchmark dataset using baseline models, from bag-of-words and convolutional neural network to instruction-tuned large language models. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the model outputs, including manual review and visualization of model weights, to offer insights into their predictive capabilities and limitations.

resultsBaseline models showed 28.9% for best-performing supervised models and 32.2% for GPT-4 in F1 metrics. Notes in our dataset have a median word count of 1687. DISCUSSION: Our analysis of the model outputs showed that our dataset is challenging for both models and human experts, but the models can find meaningful signals from the text.

conclusionWe expect our LCD benchmark to be a resource for the development of advanced supervised models, or prompting methods, tailored for clinical text.