ArticlePharmaceutical research2024
A Versatile, Low-Cost Modular Microfluidic System to Prepare Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles With Encapsulated Protein.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- PLGA-Based Co-Delivery Nanoformulations: Overview, Strategies, and Recent Advances.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Nanomaterial Adjuvants for Veterinary Vaccines: Mechanisms and Applications.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Advances in PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Glioblastoma Treatment.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMicrofluidics has emerged as a promising technique to prepare nanoparticles. However, the current microfluidic devices are mainly chip-based and are often integrated into expensive systems that lack on-the-spot versatility. The aim of this study was to set up a modular microfluidic system based on low-cost capillaries and reusable, easy-to-clean building blocks that can prepare poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with and without incorporated water-soluble biomacromolecules.
methodsA two-syringe system variant of the microfluidic system was set up to prepare PLGA particles and to investigate how the flow rates, solvents, and PLGA concentrations impacted the PLGA nanoparticle formation. A three-syringe system was designed to examine the incorporation of proteins into the PLGA particles.
resultsThe formation of the nanoparticles was affected by the PLGA concentration in the organic solvent, where an increasing concentration led to larger particle diameters (33-180 nm), and by the total flow rate, where an increase in the total flow rate led to smaller nanoparticles (197-77 nm). Using ultrapure water as the aqueous solvent resulted in precipitation at the outlet at higher PLGA concentrations. Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) created neutral particles in contrast to the negatively charged particles obtained with ultrapure water or an ethanol-water mixture. Incorporation of the proteins ovalbumin or lysozyme with a three-syringe system resulted in encapsulation efficiencies above 40%.
conclusionA cheap and easily adjustable modular microfluidic system was developed to prepare PLGA nanoparticles with highly reproducible particle diameters that can effectively be loaded with proteins for drug and vaccine delivery.
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Registered trials
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