Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39601788›Full record

ArticleJournal of behavioral addictions2024

From active escapism to virtual withdrawal: Validation of the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming scales (C-DOGs).

Alessandro Giardina, Loïs Fournier, Vladan Starcevic, Daniel L King, Maria Di Blasi, Adriano Schimmenti, Joël Billieux

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of behavioral addictions, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Alessandro Giardina1Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-6313-4290
Loïs Fournier1Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-6743-6456
Vladan Starcevic2Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6772-6995
Daniel L King3College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1762-2581
Maria Di Blasi4Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9998-0552
Adriano Schimmenti5Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5181-2648
Joël Billieux1Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-7388-6194

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: In the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming (C-DOG; Giardina et al., 2024) model, we proposed a continuum from compensatory to dissociative gaming involvement. This continuum represents different degrees of integration between physical and virtual environments with three core processes - Active Escapism, Escape, and Dissociation - and two peripheral processes - Gaming-Related Relaxation and Body-Mind Detachment. Here, we developed and tested a multidimensional measure based on this model. Method: We capitalized on existing items for measuring escapism and dissociation and we generated new items consistent with the hypothesized model dimensions. A total of 54 items were administered to 1,176 online gamers playing different game genres, together with measures of problematic gaming, passion for gaming, and other psychological distress indicators. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a six-factor, 36-item structure, with multiple hierarchical regression analyses highlighting unique associations with other psychological constructs assessed. Discussion: The following factors were identified: (1) Emotional Displacement - redirection of negative emotion into the game with associated relaxation; (2) Absorption - detachment of the player from time and space while gaming; (3) Active Escapism - simulative use of the game to compensate for lack of self-confidence in reaching physical life objectives; (4) Virtual Withdrawal - maladaptive gaming to balance impaired social functioning, predicted by traumatic experiences and pervasive depression; (5) Dissociative Regulation - dysfunctional level of engagement associated with excessive anxiety; (6) Failure Escape - problematic avoidance via gaming related to fear of future failures. Conclusions: The C-DOG factors identify critical psychological processes associated with problematic gaming, with relevant research and clinical implications.

Indexed as

Internet Addiction DisorderVideo GamesAdolescentAdultDissociative DisordersFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansMalePsychiatric Status Rating ScalesPsychometricsYoung Adultdissociationescapismgaming disordermeasurementvalidation

Identifiers

PMID39601788
PMCPMC11737414

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.