Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39600416›Full record

ArticleOrthopaedic journal of sports medicine2024

Investigating the Influence of Modifiable Physical Measures on the Elbow Varus Torque - Ball Velocity Relationship in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.

Adam J Barrack, Motoki Sakurai, Choo Phei Wee, Paul R Diaz, Carl Stocklin, Andy R Karduna, Lori A Michener

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Adam J BarrackDivision of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Motoki SakuraiDepartment of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
Choo Phei WeeSouthern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Paul R DiazDivision of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Carl StocklinAthletics Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. A.R.K. and L.A.M. share senior authorship.
Andy R KardunaDepartment of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
Lori A MichenerDivision of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Funding

Southern California Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001855 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Thomas A Buchanan, Michele D. Kipke · 2016 to 2026
$81.3M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The mechanism of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury during pitching is excessive elbow varus torque (EVT). The EVT-ball velocity (T-V) relationship allows concurrent assessment of player performance and UCL injury risk. Modifiable physical capacities may underlie individual variation seen in the T-V relationship. Purpose: To identify physical performance characteristics that impact the T-V relationship during pitching. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 87 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I pitchers participated. Pitching collection involved measurement of EVT and ball velocity during 5 maximal effort fastballs thrown to a catcher. Physical measures collected were the following: shoulder and hip passive range of motion (ROM) and strength, shoulder rate of torque development (RTD), grip strength, and lumbopelvic stability. Physical measures were entered into univariate linear mixed models with ball velocity as a covariate to predict EVT. Variable reduction for multivariate models involved selection of physical measures based on random forest-derived variable importance and univariate relationship significance, rendering a 27-variable pool. Multivariate linear mixed models predicting EVT, adjusting for physical measures and other physical characteristics, were then created using backward elimination. Results: In univariate analysis, for every 1 m/s (2.2 mph) increase in ball velocity, the mean EVT increased by 1.51 Nċm (95% CI, 0.66-2.37 Nċm; Conclusion: Several modifiable physical measures affected EVT in the univariate analysis. In our final model, when controlling for ball velocity, EVT increased with increased grip strength symmetry, lead-leg lumbopelvic stability, and bodyweight and decreased with increased dominant-shoulder IR strength, dominant-shoulder flexion ROM, and scaption strength asymmetry. Clinical Relevance: Defining the individual and multivariate effects of these physical capacities on EVT contextualizes their role in the T-V relationship and helps identify access points through which coaches and clinicians can optimize a pitcher's T-V relationship.

Indexed as

ball velocitybaseball/softballelbowelbow varus torquepitchingrange of motiontorque-velocity relationship

Identifiers

PMID39600416
PMCPMC11590131

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.