ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Kratom Alkaloids: A Blood-Brain Barrier Specific Membrane Permeability Assay-Guided Isolation and Cyclodextrin Complexation Study.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Enantioselective Complexation of Xylopinine: A Cyclodextrin-Assisted CE and NMR Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Phytochemical Characterization, Bioactivities, and Nanoparticle-Based Topical Gel Formulation Development from FourGels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advancements in Cyclodextrin Complexes with Bioactive Secondary Metabolites and Their Pharmaceutical Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Chiral Recognition Mechanism of Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids: Cyclodextrin-Mediated Capillary Electrophoresis, Chiral HPLC, and NMR Spectroscopy Study.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mitragynine is an "atypic opioid" analgesic with an alternative mechanism of action and a favorable side-effect profile. Our aim was to optimize the alkaloid extraction procedure from kratom leaves and to determine and isolate the most relevant compounds capable of penetrating the central nervous system. The PAMPA-BBB study revealed that mitragynine and its coalkaloids, speciociliatine, speciogynine, and paynantheine, possess excellent in vitro BBB permeability. An optimized sequence of CPC, flash chromatography, and preparative HPLC methods was used to isolate the four identified BBB+ alkaloids. To improve the bioavailability of the isolated alkaloids, their cyclodextrin (CD) complexation behavior was investigated via affinity capillary electrophoresis using almost 40 CD derivatives. The apparent alkaloid-CD complex stability constants were determined and compared, and the most relevant CDs phase-solubility studies were also performed. Both the neutral and negatively charged derivatives were able to form complexes with all four kratom alkaloids. It was found that cavity size, substituent type, and degree of substitution also influenced complex formation. The negatively charged Sugammadex, Subetadex, and the sufoalkylated-beta-CD analogs were able to form the most stable complexes, exceeding 1000 M
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