Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39593044›Full record

ArticleBMC health services research2024

Estimating the cost of chronic kidney disease in Australia.

Sean Randall, Crystal M Y Lee, Elizabeth Thomas, Aron Chakera, Kevin E K Chai, Richard Varhol, Kanika Mehta, Ashley Irish, Johan Conradie, Narelle Hadlow and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC health services research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Sean RandallDeakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia. s.randall@deakin.edu.au.
Crystal M Y LeeSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Elizabeth ThomasSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Aron ChakeraSir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Kevin E K ChaiSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Richard VarholSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Kanika MehtaBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria, Australia.
Ashley IrishWA Country Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.
Johan ConradieWestern Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, WA, Australia.
Narelle HadlowPathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia.
Delia HendrieSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
James H BoydDepartment of Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
Suzanne RobinsonDeakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant burden on health systems globally, with limited up-to-date information on health system costs, particularly for non-dialysis patients. This study estimates the direct healthcare costs of CKD within Australia.

methodsThe study utilised the CKD.WA dataset, a linked repository for the state of Western Australia, containing public and private pathology, hospital, emergency and mortality data for over 2 million people, along with a secondary dataset of general practice records. Costs were calculated for individuals with CKD in 2019 and compared to controls without CKD to identify costs attributable to CKD. Cost items included hospital, emergency, medication, general practice, pathology, dialysis and outpatient services. Costs were expressed in 2023 AUD.

resultsThere were 114,899 individuals with CKD in 2019. Average yearly costs attributable to CKD were $3,367 for Stage 1, $4,114 for Stage 2, $3,607 for Stage 3a, $6,572 for Stage 3b, $11,456 for Stage 4 and $62,558 for Stage 5. Non-dialysis hospital costs were the biggest contributor, followed by dialysis costs. The estimated total cost of CKD to Australia was $8.3 billion for 2019.

conclusionThese findings highlight the significant cost burden of CKD. While CKD costs per individual are highest in later stages, the greater number of early-stage CKD cases means the majority of the cost burden is located among early-stage cases. Primary and secondary prevention strategies are likely key to reducing costs.

Indexed as

Health Care CostsRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAustraliaChildCost of IllnessFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedWestern AustraliaYoung AdultAustraliaChronic kidney disease, healthcare costsEconomic burdenHealthcare expenditureRenal disease

Identifiers

PMID39593044
PMCPMC11590276

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.