Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2024
Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: a large population-based observational study.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global epidemiological and aetiological patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a country-level scoping synthesis.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- The effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on influenza throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: an 8-year interrupted time series study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Temporal phylodynamics of Coxsackievirus A6 VP1 in Shenzhen (2022-2024).BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effects of the non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic on hand, foot and mouth disease in Qingdao, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
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- Analysis and forecast of hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic trends in Guangzhou, China, 2013-2023.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly prevalent and contagious disease, particularly in children under five years old. Its transmission route resembles that of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented to curb viral spread, which may have concurrently reduced HFMD incidence.
methodsUtilizing HFMD surveillance data from the Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015-2020) and varying levels of COVID-19 emergency measures, a Bayesian structural time series model predicted the counterfactual HFMD incidence and quantified the causal relationships with NPIs.
resultsDuring the implementation of NPIs, the 915 cases observed between weeks 4 and 20 of 2020 reflected a 94.9% reduction from the expected cases number (915 vs. 17,790), avoiding approximately 16,875 cases. The relative reduction of male cases (95.2%) was similar to that of female cases (94.3%). Different age groups the number of cases decline roughly similar were 93.1%, 95.3%, 97.8%, 94.9%.
conclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, NPIs implemented in response to COVID-19 effectively reduced HFMD incidence. NPIs should be promoted for future control of enteric infectious diseases such as HFMD.
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