Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills.

This study examines the multi-decadal variability and trends of surface air temperature and precipitation in the Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH), a degraded tropical rainforest area unique for cardamom cultivation. Utilizing observed long-term climatic data (1958-2017), statistical methods such as the Mann-Kendall test (MKT), Sen's Slope Estimator (SSE), and Incremental Trend Analysis (ITA) were applied to assess the impact of surface air temperature, rainfall, and the number of rainy days on cardamom yield. The analysis revealed a significant decline in annual rainfall by approximately 13.62 mm per year, with pronounced seasonal declines 0.87 mm for winter, 12.33 mm for pre-monsoon, 24.93 mm for southwest monsoon, and 18.10 mm for post-monsoon. Simultaneously, the number of rainy days dropped by nearly 19.75 days over the 40-year period. A noticeable increase in decadal minimum and average temperatures was observed, highlighting potential adverse effects on cardamom yield and irrigation water resources. The findings suggest that excessive rainfall during the southwest monsoon negatively correlates with cardamom yield, while slightly warmer temperatures show a weak positive correlation. The study also emphasizes the need for adaptive agricultural practices and climate-resilient policies to mitigate the effects of changing climatic conditions on cardamom production. This research contributes valuable insights for farmers and other stakeholders as well as policymakers aiming to ensure sustainable cardamom cultivation amidst climate change.