ArticleJournal of addiction medicine
Examining the Severity and Progression of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Withdrawal: A Quasi-experimental Comparison.
Article in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of simulated and real opioid withdrawal on delay discounting for opioids and money in people who use fentanyl daily.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The relationship between injection status, cocaine use, overdose, and drug-related behaviors among people who use opioids.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Buprenorphine initiation from fentanyl using low-dose intramuscular ketamine: a pilot study.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Opioid withdrawal as a barrier to harm reduction: Examining how overdose prevention behaviors are affected by withdrawal.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Treating Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Withdrawal in the Context of Fentanyl.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveIllicitly manufactured fentanyl has largely replaced heroin throughout the United States. Characteristics of fentanyl-specific withdrawal are not well understood compared to traditional opioid withdrawal. This study examines opioid withdrawal severity among 2 cohorts of study participants who underwent identical morphine stabilization procedures before and after fentanyl was introduced to the local drug market.
methodsThe Non-Fentanyl study (n = 103) included participants testing positive for non-fentanyl opioids, and the Fentanyl study (n = 30) included participants testing positive for fentanyl. Both studies completed a 7-day morphine stabilization protocol (30 mg subcutaneous, 4 times daily) and multiple daily self-report and observer-rated assessments of opioid withdrawal and vital signs. Two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) examined the effects of study, time, and study × time on daily peak ratings for each outcome.
resultsThere were significant elevations in self-report and observer-rated withdrawal scores among the Fentanyl versus Non-Fentanyl study (study × time, P < 0.05) during stabilization days 2-5 and days 2-6, respectively. There was a higher rate of tachycardia among the Fentanyl group compared to the Non-Fentanyl study, and peak diastolic blood pressure was greater among the Fentanyl study compared to the Non-Fentanyl study.
conclusionsIndividuals with fentanyl exposure were less stabilized by morphine and experienced more severe opioid withdrawal via several metrics compared to persons with non-fentanyl opioid exposure. Withdrawal also remained elevated for several days despite morphine initiation. Adjustments to existing treatment induction protocols may be needed given the permeation of fentanyl into the heroin supply.
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