ArticleJournal of Intelligence2024
Crystallized Intelligence, Fluid Intelligence, and Need for Cognition: Their Longitudinal Relations in Adolescence.
Article in Journal of Intelligence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Optimal exercise modalities and dose for enhancing intelligence in children and adolescents: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Academic Achievement in Language and Mathematics: The Role of Cognitive Abilities and Academic Self-Concept Across the Third Cycle and Secondary Education.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- The Relationship of Need for Cognition and Typical Intellectual Engagement with Intelligence and Executive Functions: A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Review
- The Role of Need for Cognition and Its Interaction with Fluid Intelligence in the Prediction of School Grades in Primary School Children.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Cognitive Abilities and School Achievement: Addressing Challenges Across Adolescence.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Teachers' and Parents' Assessments of Primary School Children's Intellectual Investment as Predictors of Change in Need for Cognition.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- The Inverted U: Exploring the Interconnectedness of Movement and Cognitive Function Across the Lifespan.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive scienceReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Investment theory and related theoretical approaches suggest a dynamic interplay between crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and investment traits like need for cognition. Although cross-sectional studies have found positive correlations between these constructs, longitudinal research testing all of their relations over time is scarce. In our pre-registered longitudinal study, we examined whether initial levels of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and need for cognition predicted changes in each other. We analyzed data from 341 German students in grades 7-9 who were assessed twice, one year apart. Using multi-process latent change score models, we found that changes in fluid intelligence were positively predicted by prior need for cognition, and changes in need for cognition were positively predicted by prior fluid intelligence. Changes in crystallized intelligence were not significantly predicted by prior Gf, prior NFC, or their interaction, contrary to theoretical assumptions. This pattern of results was largely replicated in a model including all constructs simultaneously. Our findings support the notion that intelligence and investment traits, particularly need for cognition, positively interact during cognitive development, but this interplay was unexpectedly limited to Gf.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.