Insight into the Phylogenetic Relationships of Phasmatodea and Selection Pressure Analysis of

Stick and leaf insects are a group among the Insecta that are famous for their extraordinary mimicry ability. Since the establishment of the Phasmatodea, their internal classification has been constantly revised. Mitochondrial genes as molecular markers have been widely used for species classification, but the phylogenetic relationships within the Phasmatodea remain to be thoroughly discussed. In the present study, five mitogenomes of Phasmatodea ranging from 15,746 bp to 16,747 bp in length were sequenced. Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were carried out based on a 13 PCGs data matrix (nt123) and a combined matrix of 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes (nt123_rRNA). The present study supports the conclusion that Phylliidae was the basal group of Neophasmatodea and confirms the monophyly of Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae, but it shows that Lonchodidae was polyphyletic. A sister group of Bacillidae and Pseudophasmatidae was also recovered. The phylogenetic tree based on the nt_123 dataset showed higher node support values. The construction of a divergent time tree in this study supported the conclusion that extant Phasmatodea originated in the Jurassic (170 Mya) and most lineages diverged after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. To explore whether the mitochondrial genes of