Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39588825›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025

Direct-Print 3D Electrodes for Large-Scale, High-Density, and Customizable Neural Interfaces.

Pingyu Wang, Eric G Wu, Hasan Uluşan, Eric Tianjiao Zhao, A J Phillips, Alexandra Kling, Madeline Rose Hays, Praful Krishna Vasireddy, Sasidhar Madugula, Ramandeep Vilkhu and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
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  5. Review
  6. Full-Stack Architectures for Intelligent Brain-Computer Interfaces.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Direct-Print 3D Electrodes for Large-Scale, High-Density, and Customizable Neural Interfaces.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Pingyu WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9249-6642
Eric G WuDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Hasan UluşanDepartment of Biosystems Science and Engineering in Basel, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
Eric Tianjiao ZhaoDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
A J PhillipsDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Alexandra KlingDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Madeline Rose HaysDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Praful Krishna VasireddyDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Sasidhar MadugulaSchool of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Ramandeep VilkhuDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Andreas HierlemannDepartment of Biosystems Science and Engineering in Basel, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
Guosong HongDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
E J ChichilniskyDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Nicholas A MeloshDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Funding

Bi-directional neural interface for probing parallel visual pathwaysR01EY032900 · NEI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHICHILNISKY, EDUARDO, COGAN, STUART F · 2021 to 2024
$2.8M
European Union under the ERC advanced grant "neuroXscales" 694829NEI NIH HHS 5R01EY032900NEI NIH HHS R01 EY032900Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University Big Ideas grant
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Silicon-based microelectronics can scalably record and modulate neural activity at high spatiotemporal resolution, but their planar form factor poses challenges in targeting 3D neural structures. A method for fabricating tissue-penetrating 3D microelectrodes directly onto planar microelectronics using high-resolution 3D printing via 2-photon polymerization and scalable microfabrication technologies are presented. This approach enables customizable electrode shape, height, and positioning for precise targeting of neuron populations distributed in 3D. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated in tackling the critical challenge of interfacing with the retina-specifically, selectively targeting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas while avoiding the axon bundle layer. 6,600-microelectrode, 35 µm pitch, tissue-penetrating arrays are fabricated to obtain high-fidelity, high-resolution, and large-scale retinal recording that reveals little axonal interference, a capability previously undemonstrated. Confocal microscopy further confirms the precise placement of the microelectrodes. This technology can be a versatile solution for interfacing silicon microelectronics with neural structures at a large scale and cellular resolution.

Indexed as

Printing, Three-DimensionalRetinal Ganglion CellsAnimalsMicroelectrodesNeuronsRetinaSiliconSilicon2‐photon polymerization3d microelectrodesbioelectronicsretinal interfaces

Identifiers

PMID39588825
PMCPMC11744676

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.