ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2025
Temperament and executive functioning correlates of ADHD symptom severity during early versus middle childhood.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neural correlates of child temperament: The role of brain network connectivity in psychopathology risk.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- The role of executive function for differentiating symptoms of ADHD in preschoolers.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigated associations among temperament, executive functioning (EF), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity at two developmental stages.
methodsParticipants were 61 4-year-old children and 165 8-11-year-old children (126 ADHD, 39 typically developing [TD]). Caregivers reported on temperament (effortful control [EC], negative affect, and surgency), and ADHD symptoms. Three aspects of EF (working memory, inhibitory control, and processing speed) were measured with neuropsychological tests.
resultsAmong 4-year-olds, variance in ADHD symptom severity was only explained by the temperament variables. EC was not significantly correlated with any of the EFs in this cohort. Among school-aged children, low EC, high surgency, high negative affect, and reduced working memory were associated with greater ADHD symptom severity. EC was significantly and positively correlated with processing speed in the school-aged children.
conclusionsResults are consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of ADHD, wherein dysregulated temperament is associated with ADHD in young children, while both dysregulated temperament and cognitive skills are associated with ADHD in middle childhood. Results could inform the selection of clinical tools for diagnostic evaluation of pediatric ADHD symptoms and clinical follow-up.
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