ArticleAmerican journal of cardiovascular disease2024
Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in American journal of cardiovascular disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors of time to diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a survival analysis study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Comment on: 'The role of blood pressure stability in diabetic retinopathy development'.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Therapeutic approaches to diabetic macular edema assessed using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Blood pressure variability is associated with the occurrence of diabetic microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Advances in materials science for ocular diseases induced by cardiovascular risk factors.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM), a worldwide disease affecting more than 400 million people, is associated with high blood pressure (BP). In addition to macrovascular complications, high BP in DM patients is potentially linked to microvascular complications. More than 70% of DM patients have retinopathy. To our knowledge, no systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted on the relationship between visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and diabetic retinopathy risk.
methodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis study was performed on the related articles. The search strategy, screening, and data selection were all checklist-based. A comprehensive search was done in three databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) were followed. English clinical studies published up to January 2023 contained diabetic patients as the population, retinopathy as the outcome, and visit-to-visit blood pressure as the intervention. Using the QUIPS technique, two authors independently quantify the risk of bias in included publications. The meta-analysis was conducted using R version 4.4.1. We calculated relative risk (RR) as the effect size, applying the random effect model. Standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV), were used as measures of BP variability.
resultsA total number of 8 studies with 743,315 participants were covered in this systematic review. After meta-analysis, we concluded that the group with higher SD of BP variability had 2 percent higher risk than the control group (RR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01-1.03, I-squared = 41%); however, results of our analysis for CV of BP variability showed no significant contrast with control group thus no increased risk was reported (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.94-1.15, I-squared = 32%,
conclusionIn conclusion, an increased SD of BP variability significantly increased the relative risk for the development of retinopathy.
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