ArticleEnvironmental health and preventive medicine2024
Mammographic density and exposure to air pollutants in premenopausal women: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Environmental health and preventive medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Development of Life Course Exposure Estimates Using Geospatial Data and Residence History.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMammographic density (MD) is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer. Air pollution is a major public health concern and a recognized carcinogen. We aim to investigate the association between MD and exposure to specific air pollutants (SO
methodsThis cross-sectional study, carried out in Spain, included 769 participants who attended their gynecological examinations. Hourly concentrations of the pollutants were extracted from the Air Quality Monitoring System of Madrid City over a 3-year period. Individual long-term exposure to pollutants was assessed by geocoding residential addresses and monitoring stations, and applying ordinary kriging to the 3-year annual mean concentrations of each pollutant to interpolate the surface of Madrid. This exposure variable was categorized into quartiles. In a first analysis, we used multiple linear regression models with the log-transformed percent MD as a continuous variable. In a second analysis, we used MD as a dichotomous variable ("high" density (MD > 50%) vs. "low" density (MD ≤ 50%)) and applied multiple logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs). We also analyzed the correlation among the pollutants, and performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of this set of eight correlated pollutants into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables (principal components (PCs)). Finally, the initial analyses were applied to the PCs to detect underlying patterns of emission sources.
resultsThe first analysis detected no association between MD and exposure to any of the pollutants. The second analysis showed non-statistically significant increased risks (OR
conclusionsIn general, our results show a lack of association between residential exposure to specific air pollutants and MD in premenopausal females. Future research is needed to confirm or refute these findings.
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