Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39578868›Full record

Trial reportBMC psychology2024

Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent-child interaction therapy - toddler: a randomized controlled trial.

Jane Kohlhoff, Nancy Wallace, Sara Cibralic, Susan Morgan, Nancy E Briggs, Catherine McMahon, Erinn Hawkins, Lindsay Druskin, Christopher Owen, Corey Lieneman and 4 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC psychology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Annual Research Review: Early conduct problems - precursors, outcomes, and etiology.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Jane KohlhoffDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia. jane.kohlhoff@unsw.edu.au.
Nancy WallaceKaritane, Carramar, NSW, Australia.
Sara CibralicDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Susan MorganKaritane, Carramar, NSW, Australia.
Nancy E BriggsDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Catherine McMahonMacquarie University, Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Erinn HawkinsGriffith University, QLD, Gold Coast, Australia.
Lindsay DruskinWest Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Christopher OwenWest Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Corey LienemanBoys Town Center for Behavioral Health, Omaha, NE, USA.
Robin HanWest Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Valsamma EapenDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Anna HuberFamilies In Mind Psychology, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Cheryl B McNeilUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundParent-Child Interaction Therapy-Toddler (PCIT-T) is an attachment-informed intervention model designed to meet the specific developmental needs of toddlers aged 12-24 months presenting with challenging behaviors.

methodsThis study used a randomized controlled design to evaluate outcomes of PCIT-T for children aged 14-24 months with disruptive behaviors. Ninety toddlers with parent-reported disruptive behavior were randomly allocated to PCIT-T (intervention), an active control condition (Circle of Security- Parenting™; COS-P), or a non-treatment control condition (wait-list; WL). Outcomes were assessed at baseline (Time 1), post treatment/post waitlist (Time 2) and 4-month follow-up (Time 3).

resultsAt follow-up, the PCIT-T group displayed the highest levels of parenting sensitivity and positive parental verbalizations, and the lowest levels of negative child-directed verbalizations and non-attuned mind-minded statements. Of the three groups, the PCIT-T group showed the greatest degree of change on these variables, followed by the COS-P group and then the non-treated controls. The PCIT-T group were also the only group to show significant within-group improvements in sensitivity, self-reported parental reflectiveness, empathy and emotional understanding, parent-reported child social competence, child internalizing problems, and general behavior issues. Significant reductions in parental stress, child externalizing behaviors and parenting behaviors were seen for both the PCIT-T and COS-P groups.

conclusionsDelivered in the early intervention period of toddlerhood, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Toddler has the potential to bring about significant changes for children presenting with early onset behavioral issues.

trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), 12,618,001,554,257. Registered 24 September 2018 - retrospectively registered, https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12618001554257 .

Indexed as

Parent-Child RelationsParentingAdultChild BehaviorChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleObject AttachmentProblem BehaviorAttachmentCircle of securityDisruptive behaviorsEmotion regulationParent–child interaction therapy – toddlersToddlers

Identifiers

PMID39578868
PMCPMC11583383

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.