ArticleBMJ open2024
Population-level trends over a decade in geographical inequality for opportunity in access to maternal care services: a cross-sectional analysis from the National Family Health Surveys in India.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Utilization of maternal healthcare services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe objective of this study is to examine the trends in geographical inequality of opportunity in maternal health services in India considering the Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) 2025 coverage targets.
settingIndia.
participantsWomen in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-NFHS-4 (2014-2015) and NFHS-5 (2019-2021). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEASURES: District-level coverages of 4+antenatal care (ANC) visits, institutional delivery with skilled birth attendant, postnatal care (PNC) services within 48 hours of delivery, continuum of care (CoC) services for women with most recent live births were considered. Human Opportunity Index (HOI) documented the opportunities for equitable access to these services, ranging from 0 (high inequality) to 100 (universal access). HOI was compared between the survey rounds and wealth index (WI) quintiles that the women belonged to.
resultsCoverages of 4+ANC visits, institutional delivery, PNC and CoC in India increased by 22.8% (95% CI 22.1% to 23.5%), 12.6% (95% CI 12.2% to 12.9%), 28.5% (95% CI 28.0% to 29.0%) and 38.6% (95% CI 37.6% to 39.6%) between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, respectively. The HOI for 4+ANC visits was 48.4 in NFHS-5, ranging from 11.3 to 92.4 in states and from 31.1 to 70.5 for WI I-V. The HOI for institutional delivery was 80.4 in NFHS-5, ranging from 37.4 to 99.7 in the states and from 21.0 to 100 for WI I-V. The HOI for PNC services was 73.5 in NFHS-5, ranging from 37.5 to 95.6 in the states and from 61.2 to 88.3 for WI I-V. The HOI for CoC was 37.1, ranging from 6.5 to 88.8 in the states and from 19.8 to 62.7 for WI I-V for CoC in NFHS-5.
conclusionThough significant improvements in the geographical inequity of maternal health services have been made in India, the geographical inequity for 4+ANC visits coverage lags significantly behind resulting in CoC coverage inequity to achieve the ENAP targets for these services.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.