Regulation of NMDAR activation efficiency by environmental factors and subunit composition.

NMDA receptors (NMDAR) convert the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate into a synaptic signal. A key question is how efficiently the ion channel opens in response to the rapid exposure to presynaptic glutamate release. Here, we applied glutamate to single channel outside-out patches and measured the successes of channel openings and the latency to first opening to assay the activation efficiency of NMDARs under different physiological conditions and with different human subunit compositions. For GluN1/GluN2A receptors, we find that various factors, including intracellular ATP and GTP, can enhance the efficiency of activation presumably via the intracellular C-terminal domain. Notably, an energy-based internal solution or increasing the time between applications to increase recovery time improved efficiency. However, even under these optimized conditions and with a 1-s glutamate application, there remained around 10-15% inefficiency. Channel activation became more inefficient with brief synaptic-like pulses of glutamate at 2 ms. Of the different NMDAR subunit compositions, GluN2B-containing NMDARs showed the lowest success rate and longest latency to first openings, highlighting that they display the most distinct activation mechanism. In contrast, putative triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B receptors showed high activation efficiency. Despite the low open probability, NMDARs containing either GluN2C or GluN2D subunits displayed high activation efficiency, nearly comparable with that for GluN2A-containing receptors. These results highlight that activation efficiency in NMDARs can be regulated by environmental surroundings and varies across different subunits.