ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2025
Low-level PM 2.5 Exposure, Cardiovascular and Nonaccidental Mortality, and Related Health Disparities in 12 US States.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between PMBMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Investigation and health risk assessment of PMMethodsX · 2025Article
- Healthier lifestyles can modify the air pollutants effect on cardiovascular disease among the middle-aged and elderly.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Association of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and Ambient Temperature Variation in Shanghai, China: Beyond Air Quality Index PMAtmosphere · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInvestigations into long-term fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure's impact on nonaccidental and cardiovascular (CVD) deaths primarily involve nonrepresentative adult populations at concentrations above the new Environmental Protection Agency annual PM 2.5 standard.
methodsUsing generalized linear models, we studied PM 2.5 exposure on rates of five mortality outcomes (all nonaccidental, CVD, myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure) in 12 US states from 2000 to 2016. We aggregated predicted annual PM 2.5 exposures from a validated ensemble exposure model, ambient temperature from Daymet predictions, and mortality rates to all census tract-years within the states. We obtained covariates from the decennial Census and the American Community Surveys and assessed effect measure modification by race and education with stratification.
resultsFor each 1-µg/m 3 increase in annual PM 2.5 , we found positive associations with all five mortality outcomes: all nonaccidental (1.08%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96%, 1.20%), all CVD (1.27%; 95% CI: 1.14%, 1.41%), myocardial infarction (1.89%; 95% CI: 1.67%, 2.11%), stroke (1.08%; 95% CI: 0.87%, 1.30%), and congestive heart failure (2.20%; 95% CI: 1.97%, 2.44%). Positive associations persisted at <8 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 levels and among populations with only under 65. In our study, race, but not education, modifies associations. High-educated Black had a 2.90% larger increased risk of CVD mortality (95% CI: 2.42%, 3.39%) compared with low-educated non-Black.
conclusionLong-term PM 2.5 exposure is associated with nonaccidental and CVD mortality in 12 states, below the new Environmental Protection Agency standard, for both low PM 2.5 regions and the general population. Vulnerability to CVD mortality persists among Black individuals regardless of education level.
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