The societal costs of avoidant personality disorder.

The study aims to estimate the societal costs of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD). Cross-sectional data on AvPD patients during 2017-2020 were retrieved from the quality register of the Norwegian Network for Personality Disorders. Cost estimations were based on a bottom-up approach, using a structured interview covering the 6-month period prior to initial assessment. Unit costs were retrieved from public records. The human capital approach was used to calculate productivity losses. Diagnoses were determined according to DSM-5 by semi-structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-5-PD). Mean societal costs were €19,378 for the total group (N = 410). The subgroup with a single diagnosis (n = 270) incurred €18,818, whereas the subgroup with at least one comorbid PD (n = 140) incurred €20,458. The difference between the two subgroups was not statistically significant. The largest cost component was productivity loss (69%), whereas health service costs constituted 31%. The main contributors to societal costs from the health service cost components were inpatient treatment (18%) and individual outpatient treatment (11%). In conclusion, societal costs for AvPD patients were high, on the same level as borderline PD, schizotypal PD, and schizophrenia, and higher than anxiety disorders, depression, and rheumatoid arthritis. In the future, development of effective AvPD treatment programs enhancing personality functioning and workforce participation is important in order reduce the cost of illness.