ReviewJournal of endocrinological investigation2025
Current evidence on gender-related risk factors for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a reappraisal of the Italian study group on gender difference in endocrine diseases.
Review in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prediabetes: diagnostic aspects, clinical features, and emerging therapeutic opportunities, with a focus on Vitamin D.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Nonlinear associations between the cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index and type 2 diabetes risk in Chinese prediabetic adults: a cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Food as both comfort and risk: perspectives on healthy eating among Swedish women with prediabetes.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Sex-specific differences in the prognostic value of METS-IR for long-term outcomes in patients with MASLD and advanced liver fibrosis: a nationwide study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Prediabetes.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Global burden, trends and health inequalities of stroke attributable to household air pollution, 1990-2021: a decomposition and prediction analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeDiabetes is a chronic disease with a significant socio-economic burden. Recognizing its risk factors and gender differences within its physio-pathological mechanisms may allow early diagnosis. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on gender differences in terms of prevalence, risk factors and pathogenesis for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes.
methodsA comprehensive search of English-language articles was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library until July 2024. We selected all studies that assessed gender differences on risk factors for diabetes and prediabetes.
resultsT1D is an autoimmune disease, with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Contrary to most autoimmune diseases, it has a male gender bias, with a male predominance incidence after puberty, for which the involvement of hormones has been hypothesized in addition to genetic predisposition. In T2D, the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is recognized as the main predisposing factor for insulin resistance and consequent β-cells loss and dysfunction. Sex hormones influence fat disposition resulting in different body composition between males and females and different metabolic impact. Gender differences in dietary patterns and socio-cultural determinants also influence the risk of T2D. Also, a gender-related risk factor has been detected in prediabetes; indeed, females are at greater risk of impaired glucose tolerance than males.
conclusionsEvidence shows the existence of gender differences in risk factors for T1D, T2D and prediabetes. This suggests that gender should be considered in prevention and screening programs, with the goal of reducing incidence or making an early diagnosis.
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