Characteristics and outcome of patients requiring Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury: a retrospective analysis.

Brain swelling after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can elevate intracranial pressure, necessitating Decompressive Craniectomy (DC) as the preferred surgical intervention. This study aimed to analyze a large institutional database to identify clinical characteristics of patients requiring primary DC and their outcomes. We reviewed TBI patients admitted to our center from 2015 to 2021, utilizing a prospectively maintained registry. Data collected included demographics, injury mechanisms, admission findings, neuroimaging results, DC necessity, procedures during hospitalization, and functional outcomes at discharge and six-month follow-up. A total of 4,011 patients were analyzed, with 506 undergoing primary DC. Factors such as International Normalized Ratio, activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, subdural hematoma, midline shift, epidural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage, and the presence of compressed or absent basal cisterns were independently linked to the need for DC. Additionally, the requirement for DC correlated with an increased likelihood of tracheostomy. For patients requiring DC, older age, lower hemoglobin levels, higher Rotterdam scores, and the presence of compressed or absent basal cisterns were associated with unfavorable outcomes in mild to moderate TBI cases. In severe TBI patients, lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and fixed pupils were linked to poor outcomes. This study represents one of the most comprehensive analyses of primary DC requirements and outcomes, revealing that the need for DC is associated with worse outcomes in TBI patients and identifying several independent predictors of outcomes across varying severity levels.