Built environment and chronic kidney disease: current state and future directions.

purpose of reviewDespite emerging studies on neighborhood-level risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), our understanding of the causal links between neighborhood characteristics and CKD is limited. In particular, there is a gap in identifying modifiable neighborhood factors, such as the built environment, in preventing CKD, that could be targets for feasible place-based interventions. RECENT

findingsMost published studies on neighborhood factors and CKD have focused on a single social attribute, such as neighborhood disadvantage, while research on the role of the built environment is more nascent. Early studies on this topic have yielded inconsistent results, particularly regarding whether food deserts are an environmental risk factor for CKD onset. International studies have shown that walkable neighborhoods - characterized by features such as urban design, park access, and green spaces - can be protective against both the onset and progression of CKD. However, these findings are inconclusive and understudied in the context of United States, where neighborhood environments differ from those in other countries. SUMMARY: Future research on modifiable neighborhood factors and CKD using advanced study designs and population-representative datasets can yield stronger evidence on potential causal associations and suggest feasible place-based interventions as strategies for preventing CKD. As an example, we demonstrated the potential of electronic health record-based studies to advance research in this area.