ArticleNeurology. Clinical practice2025
Antibiotic Exposure and Risk of Parkinson Disease in South Korea: A Nationally Representative Retrospective Cohort Study.
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Article in Neurology. Clinical practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- From dysbiosis to dysfunction: specific gut microbes and metabolites in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Sustainable microbiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Minkyung KimDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5480-1694
Sun Jae ParkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8205-9556
Young Jun ParkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-7406
Jiwon ChoiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2466-6229
Jihun SongDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-5371
Hye Jun KimDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5062-1222
Jooyoung ChangDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-0645
Sangwoo ParkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4094-4053
Jaewon KimDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-1286
Hyeokjong LeeDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4547-0861
Si Nae OhDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-6069
Seogsong JeongDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-8998
Kyae Hyung KimDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9954-6422
Joung Sik SonDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-3378
Sang Min ParkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences (MK, SJP, JS, HJK, Jooyoung Chang, SP, JK, HL, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; College of Nursing (MK), Korea University, Seoul; Medical Research Center (YJP), Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University; Department of Public Health (Jiwon Choi), Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University; Department of Family Medicine (SNO), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Medicine (SNO), Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul; Department of Medical Informatics (SJ), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Family Medicine (KHK, SMP), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Comprehensive Care Clinic (KHK), Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital; and Department of Internal Medicine (JSS), Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-4829
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Recent studies have suggested that antibiotics could be a contributing factor to Parkinson disease (PD), but validation in other population cohorts, such as Asians, is needed. This study examined the association between exposure to antibiotics and PD risk in the Korean population. Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database, this population-level cohort research study from Korea included 298,379 people aged 40 years and older who underwent a national health examination in 2004-2005. Cumulative antibiotic exposure days were investigated over 4 years (2002-2005), and new cases of PD were followed for 14 years (2006-2019). Various covariates, such as infectious diseases, were considered in the analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and CIs for the PD risk from antibiotic exposure. Results: PD risk was statistically significantly higher in those exposed to antibiotics for ≥121 days than in those not exposed to antibiotics (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI 1.07-1.55). In addition, compared with those exposed to antibiotics for 1-14 days, those exposed to antibiotics for ≥121 days had a higher risk of PD (aHR, 1.37; 95% CI 1.17-1.61). The results of sensitivity analyses that applied washout periods or extended antibiotic exposure periods were consistent with those of the main analyses. Discussion: Extended usage of antibiotics was linked to a higher incidence of PD, even after controlling for several risk variables. Further research is needed to warrant the causation and mechanisms of antibiotic exposure and PD.
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