Reducing drought vulnerability of forest soils using Xanthan gum-based soil conditioners.

Climate change increases the frequency and severity of droughts in many parts of Europe, thereby affecting the availability of water resources. Therefore, preserving the soil water content is essential for maintaining forest diversity and plant vitality. To improve soil hydraulic properties and reduce drought vulnerability, three xanthan-gum-based soil conditioners (SC_R, SC_CG, and SC_ZZC) were developed under the European ONEforest project. These soil conditioners (SCs), including oxide ash and cellulose fibres of different lengths, differ in their filler properties. This study evaluated the performance of these soil conditioners in forest soils in Slovenia (S1), Spain (S2), and Germany (S3). Water absorption, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, seed germination, and plant growth in the untreated soils and mixtures were analysed. The results showed a 53 %-100 % increase in water absorption with high dosage of SCs (1.7 % of dry SC per dry soil mass). The addition of SCs also significantly improved the water retention capacity of the treated soils within a suction range of 0-100 kPa, which is advantageous for maintaining adequate water availability for plant growth. The effect of SCs on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity varies depending on the soil type. For example, at a similar suction, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of mixtures with soils S2 and S3 can be more than an order of magnitude lower than that of untreated soils S2 and S3. In contrast, mixtures with soil S1 showed unsaturated hydraulic conductivity similar to that of the untreated soil. In the seeding experiment, plants in treated soils survived for up to 8 d without watering compared to those in untreated soils, with survival linked to the initial water content of the mixtures. These findings suggest that soil conditioners reduce drought vulnerability by improving water retention and regulating water loss. However, the optimal dosage should be adjusted according to different soil types and local environmental conditions.