Lifting the Veil of Darkness: Thermal Technology Facilitates Collection of Flight-Initiation Distances by Night.

Flight-Initiation Distance (FID)-a direct measure of an individual animal's escape response-is a widely used method to study escape ecology in fauna. The technique has primarily been applied to bird species that are active by day. Indexing the escape behaviour of nocturnal species has been limited due to the need for light to detect and observe animals which confounds behavioural responses. We demonstrate the use of existing high-end thermal technology to facilitate standardised, un-biased, nocturnal FIDs in small and large, terrestrial and arboreal animals, which feature initial separation (starting) distances which are the same by day and night. We provide the following (1) method for collecting FIDs by night which specifically addresses solutions to novel challenges associated with collecting these by night, (2) report of the FIDs of some strictly nocturnal bird and mammal species and compare diurnal and nocturnal FIDs for some species, (3) demonstration that the positive daytime relationship between FID and Starting Distance also occurs by night, and (4) minimum sample size threshold for quantifying escape responses and how these vary when sampling the FIDs of different animal species by night. We demonstrate the capacity to conduct nocturnal FIDs on a broad range of taxa not previously studied. We recommend 25-50 samples are needed to accurately quantify a species escape response in a particular context. Our method expands the capacity to understand how species escape by night, a critical period during which many predator-prey interactions occur.