Victimization experiences, internalizing problems and family bonds among adolescents from the UK: multi-group structural equation modeling using an intersectionality-informed approach.

Adolescents from marginalized backgrounds are at increased risk for victimization experiences, which was shown for ethnic minorities and females. However, an intersectional approach has rarely been taken in research. Using the Understanding Society Youth Panel, multigroup structural equation models were conducted to identify cross-group variation among adolescents aged 10-15 years in the relation between victimization experiences (verbal, physical and cyberbullying, discrimination) and internalizing problems (loneliness, emotional problems, life satisfaction), along with a mediating effect of family bonds (family support, parental communication). The groups white male (n = 280), white female (n = 280), Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) male (n = 219) and BAME female (n = 279) were included in the analyses. Across all groups, victimization experiences were negatively associated with family bonds. Only among BAME male adolescents, experiences of victimization were related to more internalizing problems. No mediating effects of family bonds on the relation between victimization and internalizing problems were identified in any group. The results support an intersectionality-informed approach and the necessity of implementing preventative anti-bullying and family strengthening interventions among adolescents.