ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2025
The prolonged impact of swapping non-fermented with fermented dairy products on cardiovascular disease: the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022).
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The (ab)use of food frequency questionnaire data in substitution modelling in nutritional epidemiology: a critique.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Cheese: mere indulgence or part of a healthy diet?Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesScientific evidence suggests that substituting non-fermented with fermented dairy products may confer cardiovascular health benefits. The role of fermented in relation to non-fermented dairy products on 20-year fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence was examined. SUBJECTS/
methodsIn 2001-2002, n = 3042 free-of-CVD men and women from Attica, Greece, were recruited. Dietary assessment was based on a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. CVD evaluation was performed in three follow-up time points at 5, 10 and 20 years, in n = 1988 participants (718 cases).
resultsParticipants reported >2 servings/day of fermented dairy products had 1.5 times lower risk to develop CVD compared with their lower level of consumption. Multi-adjusted analysis revealed similar cardioprotective properties per 1 serving increase in dairy consumption of fermented dairy products (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.82, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) (0.58, 0.95)) as well as when the ratios of fermented:total dairy products (0.90, (0.53, 0.95)) and fermented:non-fermented dairy products (0.74, (0.39, 0.92)) were ≥0.76 and ≥2.5, respectively. The associations were more evident in case of impaired inflammation status. Replacing 1 serving of non-fermented with 1 equivalent serving of fermented dairy products reduced CVD risk (0.74, (0.53, 0.92)). Substitution of low-fat with whole-fat yogurt increased CVD risk (1.35, (1.02, 1.58)). Replacing cheese (any kind) with low-fat yogurt reduced CVD risk (all HRs<1) while with whole-fat yogurt no significance was observed.
conclusionsShift of guidelines to a daily pattern of dairy intake yet with an inclination towards emphasizing the consumption of fermented products is recommended.
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