ArticleNeurology2024
Long-Term Cognitive, Functional, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.
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Article in Neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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25citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- An updated, comprehensive meta-analysis of the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Analysis, equipoise, and the urgent need for evidence over anecdote.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Pooled it
- Symptom evolution, persistence, and pharmacological management in paediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Long-Term Outcomes in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Nationwide, Clinical Study in Denmark.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- A new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis: PROSE.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of dementia following encephalitis: a large-scale retrospective cohort study of electronic health records.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- FDG-PET Associations With Disease Severity and Outcomes in NMDA-Receptor IgG Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis outcomes in a population-based cohort.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with an ovarian immature teratoma.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- D-serine ameliorates cognitive deficits by preserving neuronal and synaptic function in experimental anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the NEOS2 score for prediction of long-term outcomes and improvement after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an international cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- [Clinical challenge in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-A psychiatric case report].Der Nervenarzt · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and Mental Health in Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalitis: Bridging Biological Mechanisms and Psychosocial Factors.Archives of internal medicine research · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after first- and second-line immunotherapy in a cohort of 57 patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Peripheral nervous system involvement accompanies central nervous system involvement in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Elevated CHI3L1 as a Potential Biomarker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Evidence From Clinical Results and Mice Model.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Glymphatic surrogate, choroid plexus remodeling, and exploratory brain network analysis in the post-acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: multimodal MRI evidence for cognitive associations and differential white matter mediation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Sequential FcRn blockade and B-cell depletion for treatment-refractory relapsing autoimmune encephalitis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Microstructural white matter alterations and cognitive impairment in anti-NMDAR encephalitis: evidence from T1w/T2w ratio analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Anti-CD20 B cells depleting therapy versus conventional treatment in severe Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A real-world multi-center prospective cohort study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Juliette BrennerFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5523-4398
Cinthia J RuheFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Ilse KulderijFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Anna E M BastiaansenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8492-5638
Yvette S CrijnenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-0279-7140
Chelsey N KretFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Julia C P VerkoelenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Anke A G TolidoFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Brigit ThomassenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Laura P KerstenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marienke A A M de BruijnFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0009-7870-6840
Sammy H C OlijslagersFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0002-5238-1223
Melissa R MandarakasFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-6604-3973
Jeroen KerstensFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-3185-6974
Robin W van SteenhovenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0003-6842-095X
Juna M de VriesFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-6380-1871
Sharon VeenbergenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0009-9114-2998
Marco W J SchreursFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-4198-183X
Rinze F NeuteboomFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6136-4981
Peter A E Sillevis SmittFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8044-6798
Esther van den BergFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8120-7366
Maarten J TitulaerFrom the Department of Neurology (J.B., C.J.R., I.K., A.E.M.B., Y.S.C., C.N.K., J.C.P.V., A.A.G.T., B.T., L.P.K., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.R.M., J.K., R.W.v.S., J.M.d.V., R.F.N., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (S.H.C.O.), Amsterdam University Medical Center; Department of Immunology (S.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Microvida (M.W.J.S.), Tilburg; and Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center (E.v.d.B.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1033-3840
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesAnti-NMDA receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis generally manifests in young adults. Although 80%-90% returns to independence, the majority experience persistent cognitive and psychosocial difficulties. Studies have demonstrated that cognitive recovery may continue for years; the temporal trajectory is largely unknown, as are factors influencing cognitive/psychosocial recovery. Objectives were to (1) describe the cognitive recovery trajectory, (2) assess self-reported outcomes, (3) identify factors relating to outcome, and (4) explore the relation between cognitive and self-reported outcomes, and participation.
methodsWe performed a large-scale cross-sectional and prospective cohort study. We addressed our nationwide cohort, provided they were (1) older than 16 years, (2) independent preillness, and (3) able to perform cognitive tests and/or self-report. Patients completed Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and neuropsychological assessments (memory, language, perception and construction, and attention and executive functions), and functional outcomes were established (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score and return-to-work/-education). Outcomes were compared with references and between groups based on clinical characteristics and functional outcomes (
resultsWe included 92 patients (age 29 ± 2 years; 77% female). Cognitive scores improved with time-of-assessment, up to 36 months after diagnosis ( DISCUSSION: Recovery from anti-NMDAR encephalitis may continue for 3 years, with risk of persisting cognitive deficits, notably in memory and language, and sequelae in social functioning, energy levels, and well-being. The frequently applied outcome measure mRS does not fully capture outcomes. Almost half of patients struggled resuming school/work, associated with cognitive deficits and well-being.
Indexed as
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisNeuropsychological TestsPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresAdolescentAdultCognitionCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRecovery of FunctionYoung Adult
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