Combating antimicrobial resistance in osteoarticular infections: Current strategies and future directions.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has profoundly impacted the management of osteoarticular infections (OAIs), presenting significant challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of AMR in OAIs, emphasizing the necessity for assertive and innovative strategies to combat this escalating health threat. It discusses the evolution of resistance among key pathogens, including ESKAPEE organisms, and the implications for treatment protocols and healthcare outcomes. The importance of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) is highlighted as a core strategy to optimize antibiotic use and mitigate the development of resistance. Additionally, the review explores the potential of pharmacological approaches, including novel antibiotic regimens and combination therapies, alongside surgical interventions and alternative therapies such as bacteriophage-based treatments and probiotics, in managing these complex infections. The role of rapid diagnostic methods in improving treatment accuracy and the critical need for global surveillance to track AMR trends are also examined. By integrating insights from recent literature and expert recommendations, this review underscores the multifaceted approach required to address the challenge of AMR in OAIs effectively. It calls for a concerted effort among clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to foster innovation in treatment strategies, enhance diagnostic capabilities, and implement robust stewardship and surveillance programs. The goal is to adapt to the evolving landscape of OAIs and ensure optimal patient care in the face of rising AMR.