ArticleFEBS open bio2025
Interrogating stonefish venom: small molecules present in envenomation caused by Synanceia spp.
Article in FEBS open bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The stonefish Synanceia verrucosa and Synanceia horrida are arguably the most venomous fish species on earth and the culprits of severe stings in humans globally. Investigation into the venoms of these two species has mainly focused on protein composition, in an attempt to identify the most medically relevant proteins, such as the lethal verrucotoxin and stonustoxin components. This study, however, focused on medically relevant small molecules, and through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and fractionation techniques, we discovered and identified the presence of three molecules new to stonefish venom, namely γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline and 0-acetylcholine, and provide the first report of GABA identified in a fish venom. Analysis of the crude venoms on human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and a GABA
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