Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39560714›Full record

ArticleEuropean radiology2025

Minimally interactive segmentation of soft-tissue tumors on CT and MRI using deep learning.

Douwe J Spaanderman, Martijn P A Starmans, Gonnie C M van Erp, David F Hanff, Judith H Sluijter, Anne-Rose W Schut, Geert J L H van Leenders, Cornelis Verhoef, Dirk J Grünhagen, Wiro J Niessen and 2 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in European radiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
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  4. Interactive AI annotation of medical images in a virtual reality environment.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Douwe J SpaandermanDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. d.spaanderman@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8397-2339
Martijn P A StarmansDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Gonnie C M van ErpDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
David F HanffDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Judith H SluijterDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Anne-Rose W SchutDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Geert J L H van LeendersDepartment of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Cornelis VerhoefDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Dirk J GrünhagenDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Wiro J NiessenFaculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Jacob J VisserDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Stefan KleinDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Funding

Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of the SURF Cooperative EINF-2756
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSegmentations are crucial in medical imaging for morphological, volumetric, and radiomics biomarkers. Manual segmentation is accurate but not feasible in clinical workflow, while automatic segmentation generally performs sub-par. PURPOSE: To develop a minimally interactive deep learning-based segmentation method for soft-tissue tumors (STTs) on CT and MRI. MATERIAL AND

methodsThe interactive method requires the user to click six points near the tumor's extreme boundaries in the image. These six points are transformed into a distance map and serve, with the image, as input for a convolutional neural network. A multi-center public dataset with 514 patients and nine STT phenotypes in seven anatomical locations, with CT or T1-weighted MRI, was used for training and internal validation. For external validation, another public dataset was employed, which included five unseen STT phenotypes in extremities on CT, T1-weighted MRI, and T2-weighted fat-saturated (FS) MRI.

resultsInternal validation resulted in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.85 ± 0.11 (mean ± standard deviation) for CT and 0.84 ± 0.12 for T1-weighted MRI. External validation resulted in DSCs of 0.81 ± 0.08 for CT, 0.84 ± 0.09 for T1-weighted MRI, and 0.88 ± 0.08 for T2-weighted FS MRI. Volumetric measurements showed consistent replication with low error internally (volume: 1 ± 28 mm

conclusionThe minimally interactive segmentation method effectively segments STT phenotypes on CT and MRI, with robust generalization to unseen phenotypes and imaging modalities. KEY POINTS: Question Can this deep learning-based method segment soft-tissue tumors faster than can be done manually and more accurately than other automatic methods? Findings The minimally interactive segmentation method achieved accurate segmentation results in internal and external validation, and generalized well across soft-tissue tumor phenotypes and imaging modalities. Clinical relevance This minimally interactive deep learning-based segmentation method could reduce the burden of manual segmentation, facilitate the integration of imaging-based biomarkers (e.g., radiomics) into clinical practice, and provide a fast, semi-automatic solution for volume and diameter measurements (e.g., RECIST).

Indexed as

Deep LearningImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedMagnetic Resonance ImagingSoft Tissue NeoplasmsTomography, X-Ray ComputedAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsDeep learningDiagnostic imagingMagnetic resonance imagingSoft-tissue neoplasmsTomography (X-ray computed)

Identifiers

PMID39560714
PMCPMC12021718

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.