ArticleToxicology reports2024
Toxicological and environmental risks of enalapril and their possible transformation products generated under phototransformation reactions.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PACs) in the concentration range of hundreds of ng/L to μg/L have been identified in urban surface water, groundwater, and agricultural land where they cause various health risks. These pollutants are classified as emerging and cannot be efficiently removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. The use of nano-enabled photocatalysts in the removal of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems has recently received research attention owing to their enhanced properties and effectiveness. In the current study, toxicological and environmental risks of enalapril (ENL) and their possible transformation products (TPs) generated under phototransformation processes (e.g., photolysis and photocatalysis reactions) were assessed. In photolysis reaction, removal of ENL was incomplete (< 16 %), while mineralization degree was negligible. In contrast, total removal of ENL was achieved through the photocatalytic process and its maximum mineralization ratio was 66 % by using natural radiation. Proposed transformation pathways during the phototransformation of ENL include hydroxylation and fragmentation reactions generating transformation products (TPs) such as hydroxylated TPs (
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