ArticleInternational journal of ophthalmology2024
Smartphone use patterns and the impact on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.
Article in International journal of ophthalmology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Eyes on Screens: Exploring the Ocular Health Consequences of Smartphone Use in Medical Students.Journal of lifestyle medicine · 2026Article
- Changes in Distance Ocular Deviation After Smartphone Viewing in Young Adults Without Manifest Strabismus.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Refractive Error Changes at Near After Smartphone Use.Beyoglu eye journal · 2026Article
- Association Between Smartphone Addiction and Near Binocular Vision Function Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- From the Ocular Surface to Neurophysiology: An Integrative Review of Digital Eye Strain.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- Comparison of Accommodative Response After Reading from Electronic Devices versus Hardcopy.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
aimTo determine the smartphone use patterns and effects of smartphone use on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.
methodsA total of 62 participants aged between 13 and 17y were involved. A self-administered questionnaires containing 12 items was used to evaluate the smartphone usage patterns. This was followed by an eye examination, involving a battery of accommodation and convergence assessments before and after the smartphone use. The data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, paired
resultsThe use of smartphones is at a high level and at an optimal distance daily, with more than 6h a day watching video films, games, and completing school projects. Majority of the participants not reported eye strain factors and eye prescription changes with the use of digital devices. The use of a smartphone continuously for 30min was found to significantly decrease amplitude of accommodation, accommodative facility, and positive relative accommodation (
conclusionFrequent and continuous use of smartphones have increased visual stress and resulted in weakness of accommodation and vergence functions. Therefore, frequent break is mandatory when using a smartphone and appropriate visual hygiene, the 20-20-20 rule (every 20min, view something 20 feet away for 20s) are required during smartphone use to maintain visual function.
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