Advanced Endoscopic Techniques to Detect Prevalence of Synchronous Oesophageal Cancers in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers.

Objective: To study the prevalence of synchronous oesophageal cancer in patients with head and neck cancers using Narrow Band Imaging and Lugol's chromoendoscopy. Materials and methods: Study design: Prospective cross sectional diagnostic study. Method: 63 recruited patients with head and neck cancers, underwent haematologic evaluation, histological confirmation, imaging which included contrast enhanced computerised tomography(CECT) of the Neck and when indicated an additional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) scan followed by UGI endoscopy using white light followed by Narrow Band Imaging(NBI) and Lugol's chromoendoscopy(LCE). Results: Oesophageal examination picked up a gastric inlet patch in 5 subjects and epithelial hyperplasia in one while the remaining 57 were normal on using White Light Endoscopy (WLE). NBI identified an abnormal pattern in 4 patients in whom WLE was normal (3 - Type II Intra Papillary Capillary Loop (IPCL) pattern, 1- Type III IPCL pattern). LCE showed unstained mucosa of < 10 mm in six patients, the histopathology reported were normal tissue in two patients, mild chronic oesophagitis in two and, gastric metaplasia and high grade dysplasia in one each respectively. Unstained mucosa of > 10 mm in one subject showed epithelial hyperplasia. Two patients had an abnormal NBI and LCE pattern although the WLE were normal. Conclusion: By utilizing NBI and LCE, although oesophageal cancer was not detected, premalignant pathology like high grade dysplasia, as well as gastric metaplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, esophagitis were detected. Using both NBI and LCE along with WLE would be complimentary to detect early pathological lesions. Capturing the lesions in the window period that exists between the transformation of epithelial dysplasia to carcinoma and treating them early will reduce the morbidity and also improve the outcome in oesophageal malignancy.