ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2024
Extracellular vesicles containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins are associated with multi-organ dysfunction and worse outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hijacking Host Communication: The Central Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis.Cells · 2026Review
- Review
- Condensates on the Move: Midbody Remnants as Large, Translation-Competent Extracellular Vesicles.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2026Review
- When Viruses Talk through Extracellular Vesicles: a New Perspective on Sars-Cov-2-Induced Neurodegeneration.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- The Unexpected Visibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals a Hidden Route of Surface Trafficking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Proteomic profiling of circulating extracellular vesicles from COVID-19 patients and their impact on innate Vdelta2 T-cell response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles as key biomarkers in COVID-19: insights into disease severity and mortality through CD86 and other immune markers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Inter-organ crosstalk in systemic inflammation: a narrative review of molecular mechanisms and pharmacological modulation in the muscle-adipose-liver axis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles decoying across host immunity.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Review
- Liquid biopsy - a narrative review with an update on current US governmental clinical trials targeting immunotherapy.Future science OA · 2025Review
- Comprehensive insights into pathogen distribution, clinical features, and outcomes in pediatric severe pneumonia.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Restoring trust in vaccination: listening to patients and acknowledging Post-Acute COVID Vaccine Syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins are associated with multi-organ dysfunction and worse outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been related to more than 7 million deaths globally since 2019. The association of high levels of IL-6 with severe cases led to the early evaluation of the anti-IL6 inhibitor tocilizumab as a potential treatment, which unfortunately failed to improve survival in many trials. Moreover, little is known about the development of COVID-19 sequelae, and biomarkers are needed to understand and anticipate these processes. Because extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in viral infection and immune response, they could potentially serve as predictive and prognostic biomarkers. We isolated EVs from 39 patients with severe COVID-19, from which 29 received tocilizumab and 10 were considered controls. Blood samples, which were collected at hospitalisation before treatment, at Day 7, and Day 15 during follow-up, were assessed by immunoblot for longitudinal expression of spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Dynamic expression was calculated and compared with clinicopathological and experimental variables. Expression of EV S was validated by immunogold and imaging flow-cytometry, revealing an enrichment in CD9+ EVs. As a result, decreasing expression of EV viral proteins was observed in patients treated with tocilizumab. Moreover, higher increase in EV S was observed in patients with lower antibody response, hyperfibrinogenemia, lower respiratory function, higher blood pressure and shorter outcomes. These findings lay the foundation for future studies characterizing the role of EVs in multiorgan assessment and identifying biomarkers in patients with severe COVID-19 and possible long COVID.
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Registered trials
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