ReviewNPJ microgravity2024
Challenges for the human immune system after leaving Earth.
Review in NPJ microgravity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of Microgravity on Cytoskeletal Dynamics, Protein Transport, and Signaling Networks: Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Skin Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Multi-Omics Characterization of Human Molecular Responses to Spaceflight Across Two Independent Missions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Prospects and Limitations of Bioprinting in Studying Human Cells' Responses to Extreme Environments.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota shifts in spaceflight: a case study evidence and countermeasures for microbial homeostasis.3 Biotech · 2026Review
- Surgery for interplanetary space missions.The British journal of surgery · 2026Review
- Submarine medicine as an analog for spaceflight: a review of acute medical care.NPJ microgravity · 2026Review
- Spaceflight alters the immune regulatory functions of neutrophil granulocytes on T lymphocytes.iScience · 2026Article
- Review
- Epigenomic profiling of immune cell subtypes reveals H3K27ac-marked stress signatures after long-duration spaceflight.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Resistance and Aerobic Preconditioning Delays Unloading-Induced Multisystemic Physiological Changes: The NEBULA Project.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Preliminary considerations for accessible space missions for all.NPJ microgravity · 2025Review
- Tear Film and Keratitis in Space: Fluid Dynamics and Nanomedicine Strategies for Ocular Protection in Microgravity.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Global research trends on the human exposome: a bibliometric analysis (2005-2024).Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
From the start of life on Earth, several immune defense mechanisms have evolved to guarantee cellular integrity, homeostasis, and host survival. All these sophisticated balances as shaped by and towards the environmental needs have occurred over hundreds of millions of years. Human spaceflight involves various health hazards, such as higher levels of radiation, altered gravity, isolation and confinement, living in tight quarters, and stress associated with being away from home. A growing body of evidence points towards immunological changes in astronauts, including heightened pro-inflammatory responses, reactivation of latent viruses, and cell-mediated alterations, reflecting a dysbalanced state in astronauts. Simultaneously, enhanced pathogenicity, virulence, and drug resistance properties of microorganisms tip the scale out of favor for prolonged stay in space. As we have learned from the past, we see potential for the human immune system, forged and maintained throughout evolutionary history, to adapt to the space exposome. It is unlikely that this will happen in the short time frames set for current space exploration missions. Instead, major risks to astronaut health need to be addressed first, before humans can safely evolve into the space environment.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.