ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2025
Emerging socioeconomic correlates of loneliness. Evidence from the Barcelona Health Survey 2021.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Loneliness and cognitive aging: a brain-heart axis perspective on a modifiable risk.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Social isolation, loneliness, and multi-system medical conditions: phenome-wide association and disease-trajectory analyses.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Loneliness and Frailty Among Older Adults Receiving Home Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
purposeRecent evidence shows that loneliness is associated with socioeconomic factors. However, studies often focus on traditional socioeconomic indicators (income, occupation, educational level) only, disregarding other important socioeconomic determinants, such as job insecurity, housing conditions or material deprivation. Therefore, we analyse the association of a broad range of socioeconomic indicators with loneliness. Moreover, we investigate potential age and gender differences in this relationship.
methodsWe used cross-sectional data from the Barcelona Health Survey 2021, representative of the population of Barcelona (Spain). Individuals over the age of 14 were selected (n = 3,337). The outcome was a loneliness score based on 4 items of the UCLA scale. Loneliness was regressed on a series of sociodemographic and emerging socioeconomic correlates. Linear regression models were fitted, and potential age and gender moderation effects were tested by means of two-way interactions.
resultsJob insecurity and precarity-related factors, such as having a temporary job or working without a contract, material deprivation and financial difficulties, as well as poor housing conditions and facing housing insecurity were associated with increased loneliness levels. While the association between loneliness and precarity-related factors is stronger among younger individuals, material deprivation is associated with increased loneliness among older workers and women.
conclusionBeyond sociodemographic individual characteristics, socioeconomic factors are strongly associated with loneliness levels in the population. Findings support the relevance of broadening the scope of socioeconomic indicators, assessing both material conditions as well as perceived insecurity.
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