Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39548076›Full record

ArticleNPJ science of food2024

The mechanical and sensory signature of plant-based and animal meat.

Skyler R St Pierre, Ethan C Darwin, Divya Adil, Magaly C Aviles, Archer Date, Reese A Dunne, Yanav Lall, María Parra Vallecillo, Valerie A Perez Medina, Kevin Linka and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ science of food, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The meatball matchup: Plant vs. animal proteins on campus.Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. AI Ethics Guidelines: Time to Include Animals.Science and engineering ethics · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Texture profile analysis and rheology of plant-based and animal meat.Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Skyler R St PierreDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. sstpie@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-8709
Ethan C DarwinDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Divya AdilDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-9432-7739
Magaly C AvilesDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Archer DateDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Reese A DunneDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Yanav LallDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
María Parra VallecilloDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Valerie A Perez MedinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-3161
Kevin LinkaInstitute of Applied Mechanics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Marc E LevenstonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ellen KuhlDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ekuhl@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-935X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Eating less meat is associated with a healthier body and planet. Yet, we remain reluctant to switch to a plant-based diet, largely due to the sensory experience of plant-based meat. Food scientists characterize meat using a double compression test, which only probes one-dimensional behavior. Here we use tension, compression, and shear tests-combined with constitutive neural networks-to automatically discover the behavior of eight plant-based and animal meats across the entire three-dimensional spectrum. We find that plant-based sausage and hotdog, with stiffnesses of 95.9 ± 14.1 kPa and 38.7 ± 3.0 kPa, successfully mimic their animal counterparts, with 63.5 ± 45.7 kPa and 44.3 ± 13.2 kPa, while tofurky is twice as stiff, and tofu is twice as soft. Strikingly, a complementary food tasting survey produces in nearly identical stiffness rankings for all eight products (ρ = 0.833, p = 0.015). Probing the fully three-dimensional signature of meats is critical to understand subtle differences in texture that may result in a different perception of taste. Our data and code are freely available at https://github.com/LivingMatterLab/CANN.

Identifiers

PMID39548076
PMCPMC11568319

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.