Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39542769›Full record

SynthesisEuropean urology2025

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Valentina Tateo, Zachary J Thompson, Scott M Gilbert, Victoria K Cortessis, Siamak Daneshmand, Timothy A Masterson, Darren R Feldman, Phillip M Pierorazio, Gagan Prakash, Axel Heidenreich and 3 more

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European urology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Valentina TateoDepartment of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: tateo.valentina@hsr.it.
Zachary J ThompsonDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
Scott M GilbertDepartment of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
Victoria K CortessisDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Siamak DaneshmandDepartment of Urology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Timothy A MastersonDepartment of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Darren R FeldmanDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
Phillip M PierorazioDivision of Urology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Gagan PrakashDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumai, Maharashtra, India.
Axel HeidenreichDepartment of Urology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Peter AlbersDepartment of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Andrea NecchiDepartment of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Philippe E SpiessDepartment of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI SELWYN M VICKERS · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectiveTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are globally rare, although incidence significantly varies across global geographic regions and ethnicities. Recent decades have seen an unexplained increase in incidence. This review investigates the changing epidemiology of TGCT and identifies key risk factors.

methodsA systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses 2020 statement was conducted. After screening and risk-of-bias assessment, 53 reports on significant and updated topics on TGCT epidemiology and risk factors were included for narrative synthesis. Of these, 26 were selected for quantitative synthesis. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Projections suggest a continued increase in global TGCT incidence, even in populations with historically low incidence. Genetic predisposition, particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms, accounts for approximately 44% of TGCT heritability. In utero exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, cryptorchidism, infertility, high height, behavioral factors such as marijuana consumption, and environmental or occupational exposures to potentially harmful substances are associated with higher TGCT risk, with variable strength of evidence. Meta-analyses confirmed a significant association between prenatal/early-life risk factors and TGCT incidence (odds ratio 1.44). Limitations include constrained evidence quality, heterogeneity in study types, and a limited volume of data supporting each topic. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: TGCT pathogenesis is influenced by genetic predisposition and exposures during early life. The rising incidence may reflect socioeconomic changes and migration patterns, which determine variation in population exposure to risk factors. TGCT epidemiology remains controversial and requires further research and the implementation of optimal screening programs considering the rising incidence and consequent impact on global health and socioeconomic systems.

Indexed as

Neoplasms, Germ Cell and EmbryonalTesticular NeoplasmsGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansIncidenceMaleRisk FactorsEpidemiologyGenetic predispositionPostnatal risk factorsPrenatal risk factorsRisk factorsTesticular germ cell tumor

Identifiers

PMID39542769
PMCPMC13098354

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.