Observational studyBMJ open2024
Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women in a South Asian population: a descriptive study of modifiable risk factors.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06503341 (Assessment and Control of Modifiable Risk Factors for Primary and Secondary Prevention), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment and Control of Modifiable Risk Factors for Primary and Secondary Prevention
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integration of Cardiovascular Disease Services within Primary Health Care Systems: Insights from South Asia.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Serum endotrophin relates to blood pressure in young South Asian women but not White women: evidence of ethnic variation in its early vascular implications.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was the assessment of modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among women versus men at a newly developed preventive cardiology clinic of a large tertiary care cardiac centre in Pakistan.
designObservational study.
settingTertiary care cardiac hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.
participantsData for this study were obtained retrospectively from a prospectively collected ongoing registry. We have included all female and male individuals who have presented or were referred to our clinic for primary prevention. All the participants had no history of ischaemic heart disease. OUTCOME MEASURE: In this study, we evaluated the CVD risk factors, estimated risk of CVD, and glycaemic and cholesterol control at baseline and at subsequent follow-ups for high-risk patients.
resultsA total of 535 patients, 314 females, were included with a mean age of 48.3±12.5 years. At baseline, 57.9% (128) of men versus 73.2% (230) of women (p<0.001) were known cases of hypertension (HTN); 18.1% (40) vs 26.8% (84) (p=0.019) were diabetic; 40.5% (89) vs 9.2% (29) (p<0.001) were tobacco users; 26.0% (56) vs 3.2% (10) (p<0.001) were smokers; and 26.9% (57) vs 50.5% (153) had BMI ≥30 kg/m
conclusionsThere is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD such as HTN, diabetes and obesity in women as compared with men, but interestingly, ASCVD risk score at the baseline as well as at the follow-up is high in men versus women. Some other non-modifiable risk factors like age, gender and blood lipid profile may also contribute to this difference between the high prevalence of risk factors and low ASCVD risk score in women. With appropriate follow-up and proper counselling, the looming CVD can be better prevented in this population. A dedicated preventive cardiology clinic for the identification of high-risk women and systematic follow-up is needed to predict their actual CVD risk.
trial registrationNCT06503341.
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