Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39541625›Full record

ArticleEpidemics2024

Direct and indirect effects of hepatitis B vaccination in four low- and middle-income countries.

Margaret J de Villiers, Edward de Villiers, Shevanthi Nayagam, Timothy B Hallett

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Epidemics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Mission 2030: Toward universal hepatitis B immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Margaret J de VilliersMRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.de-villiers@imperial.ac.uk.
Edward de VilliersTeddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
Shevanthi NayagamMRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Timothy B HallettMRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/R015600/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Population-level vaccination effects of the hepatitis B vaccine were investigated in four low- and middle-income countries with different levels of vertical and horizontal transmission. Indirect vaccination effects constitute a large proportion of overall vaccination effects of the vaccination programmes in all four countries (over 70% by 2030 in all four countries). However, countries with higher levels of vertical transmission benefit less from indirect vaccination effects from the infant hepatitis B vaccine series during the first decades of the vaccination programme, making the birth dose vaccine more important in these countries. Vaccination, even at levels that do not fully control transmission, has a great effect on the development of disease as it also increases the average age of infection, thereby causing a decrease in the number of chronic infections relative to the number of acute infections.

Indexed as

Developing CountriesHepatitis BHepatitis B VaccinesFemaleHumansImmunization ProgramsInfantInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalVaccinationHepatitis B VaccinesHepatitis B birth doseHepatitis B vaccinationHerd effectIndirect effectInfectious disease modellingVaccine impact

Identifiers

PMID39541625
PMCPMC11649532

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.