Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39541538›Full record

ArticlePsychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy2025

Military sexual trauma, childhood trauma, and combat trauma: Associations with longitudinal posttraumatic growth among U.S. Veterans.

Liv M Canning, Jordan P Davis, John J Prindle, Carl A Castro, Eric R Pedersen, Shaddy K Saba, Adrian J Bravo, Reagan E Fitzke, Alexandra H Mills, Whitney S Livingston

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Liv M CanningSuzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California.ORCID 0009-0000-8466-598X
Jordan P DavisRAND Corporation.
John J PrindleSuzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California.
Carl A CastroSuzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California.
Eric R PedersenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
Shaddy K SabaSuzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California.
Adrian J BravoDepartment of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary.ORCID 0000-0002-4630-6449
Reagan E FitzkeDepartment of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs.
Alexandra H MillsDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.ORCID 0000-0002-4871-2969
Whitney S LivingstonRAND Corporation.

Funding

Preventing Alcohol Misuse among Young Adult Veterans through Brief Online InterventionR01AA026575 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI PEDERSEN, ERIC R. · 2019 to 2022
$1.9M
Keck School of MedicineNational Institutes of Health; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA026575
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveMilitary sexual trauma (MST), childhood trauma, and combat trauma are prevalent among U.S. military personnel. Cumulative trauma exposure may hinder posttraumatic growth, a positive psychological change following traumatic events, while social support can facilitate this growth. Understanding the influence of these traumas and social support on longitudinal posttraumatic growth is crucial.

methodWe assessed 1,230 veterans at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months postinitial survey. Latent class analysis identified trauma experience classes, and latent growth models examined posttraumatic growth trajectories, incorporating social support as a time-varying covariate.

resultsThe latent class analysis revealed four classes: high trauma exposure, moderate childhood trauma-moderate combat trauma, high MST-moderate combat trauma, and combat trauma only. Veterans in the

conclusionsSocial support significantly predicted posttraumatic growth, with varying impacts across trauma classes. Interventions could be vital for survivors of MST, childhood trauma, or compounded traumas to enhance posttraumatic growth among military veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

Military PersonnelPosttraumatic Growth, PsychologicalSexual TraumaSocial SupportStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticVeteransAdultFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedMilitary Sexual TraumaUnited StatesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID39541538
PMCPMC13035283

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.