The relationship between spectral signals and retinal sensitivity in dendrobatid frogs.

Research on visually driven behavior in anurans has often focused on Dendrobatoidea, a clade with extensive variation in skin reflectance, which is perceived to range from cryptic to conspicuous coloration. Because these skin patterns are important in intraspecific and interspecific communication, we hypothesized that the visual spectral sensitivity of dendrobatids should vary with conspecific skin spectrum. We predicted that the physiological response of frog retinas would be tuned to portions of the visible light spectrum that match their body reflectance. Using wavelength-specific electroretinograms (ERGs; from 350-650 nm), spectrometer measurements, and color-calibrated photography of the skin, we compared retinal sensitivity and reflectance of two cryptic species (Allobates talamancae and Silverstoneia flotator), two intermediate species (Colostethus panamansis and Phyllobates lugubris), and two conspicuous aposematic species (Dendrobates tinctorius and Oophaga pumilio). Consistent with the matched filter hypothesis, the retinae of cryptic and intermediate species were sensitive across the spectrum, without evidence of spectral tuning to specific wavelengths, yielding low-threshold broadband sensitivity. In contrast, spectral tuning was found to be different between morphologically distinct populations of O. pumilio, where frogs exhibited retinal sensitivity better matching their morph's reflectance. This sensory specialization is particularly interesting given the rapid phenotypic divergence exhibited by this species and their behavioral preference for sympatric skin reflectances. Overall, this study suggests that retinal sensitivity is coevolving with reflective strategy and spectral reflectance in dendrobatids.