ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2025
Impact of family income on the development of gestational diabetes mellitus and the associated birth outcomes: A nationwide study.
Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multimethod geospatial modeling of life expectancy determinants in China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal-fetal pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth: a multicenter longitudinal cohort study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
AIMS/
introductionThe relationship between economic disadvantages and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as well as its impact on birth outcomes, remains uncertain. MATERIALS AND
methodsFrom the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database, we identified 984,712 pregnant women between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2018. Using propensity score matching, we selected 5,068 pairs of women across four income levels: very low, low, middle and high. We used a multivariable Cox regression model to assess the risk of GDM in these pregnant women and analyzed the birth outcomes.
resultsThe mean age of the pregnant women was 30.89 years. We found no significant difference in GDM risk among pregnant women with different family income. However, newborns of women with GDM and very low-income were at higher risk for several adverse conditions, such as small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.31), large for gestational age (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08-1.51), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (aOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.15-8.86), respiratory distress (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.14-2. 19), congenital anomalies (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.62), jaundice requiring phototherapy or exchange transfusion (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.24) and so on.
conclusionsThis study found that low family income alone was not associated with GDM development. However, for a GDM pregnancy, pregnant women with lower income had worse birth outcomes. Improving maternal health and nutrition among low-income pregnant women with GDM might be critical to improving birth outcomes.
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