ArticleBiomarker research2024
Exosomal PSM-E inhibits macrophage M2 polarization to suppress prostate cancer metastasis through the RACK1 signaling axis.
Article in Biomarker research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer: current understanding and future perspectives.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2026Review
- Emerging biomarkers in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment: Insights into genetic, RNA and metabolic markers (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Epigenetic and Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer: Bridging Tumor Heterogeneity and Clinical Implementation.Cancers · 2026Review
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exosome-delivered bioactive molecules regulate macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- A Duality of Function: An Integrative Model of RACK1 as a Switch Between Translational and Signaling Hubs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic, challenges and clinical progress.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Small extracellular vesicles: crucial mediators for prostate cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Recent Exploration of Solid Cancer Biomarkers Hidden Within Urine or Blood Exosomes That Provide Fundamental Information for Future Cancer Diagnostics.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is well-established that understanding the mechanism of prostate cancer (PCa)-associated metastasis is paramount for improving its prognosis. Metastasis is known to involve the communication between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells. Exosomes are crucial in mediating this intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. Nonetheless, the role of exosomal proteins in PCa metastasis is not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of prostate cancer-derived exosomal PSM-E on regulating macrophage M2 polarization to suppress tumor invasion and metastasis.
methodsPSM-E levels in exosomes were detected by transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting analysis. The diagnostic value of urine-derived exosomal PSM-E in PCa were evaluated by LC-MS/MS, correlation analysis, and ROC curves analysis. The mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of exosomal PSM-E on the M2 polarization of macrophages was investigated by co-IP, IHC staining, and PCa tumorigenesis model, etc.
resultsWe revealed that exosomal PSM-E is upregulated in exosomes derived from the serum and urine of PCa patients. Clinically, an elevated exosomal PSM-E expression in urine is significantly correlated with an advanced pathological tumor stage and a high Gleason score. Our research also revealed that exosomal PSM-E inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by suppressing macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we provided compelling evidence that exosomal PSM-E inhibits M2 polarization of macrophages by recruiting RACK1 and suppressing the FAK and ERK signaling pathways, consequently suppressing PCa invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we found that the protease-associated domain of PSM-E and the fourth tryptophan-aspartate repeat of RACK1 are crucial for the interaction between PSM-E and RACK1.
conclusionsNotably, exosomes carrying PSM-E from PCa urine could potentially serve as a biomarker for PCa, and targeting exosomal PSM-E may represent a strategy for preventing tumor progression in this patient population.
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