Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39536117›Full record

ArticleScience translational medicine2024

Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution.

Rebecca E Hamlin, Shaun M Pienkos, Leslie Chan, Mikayla A Stabile, Kassandra Pinedo, Mallika Rao, Philip Grant, Hector Bonilla, Marisa Holubar, Upinder Singh and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science translational medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Persistent CD4Cellular immunology · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Sex Differences in Lung Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026
    Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Mechanisms of sex differences in acute and long COVID sequelae in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Rebecca E HamlinDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7336-6028
Shaun M PienkosDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-8409-4803
Leslie ChanDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5064-140X
Mikayla A StabileDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Kassandra PinedoDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-5356-6813
Mallika RaoStanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Philip GrantDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Hector BonillaDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Marisa HolubarDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7585-1809
Upinder SinghDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0630-0306
Karen B JacobsonDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3050-4595
Prasanna JagannathanDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6305-758X
Yvonne MaldonadoDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Susan P HolmesDepartment of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2208-8168
Aruna SubramanianDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1373-6768
Catherine A BlishDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6946-7627

Funding

OTA-21-015A Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Initiative: NYU Langone Health Clinical Science Core, Data Resource Core, and PASC Biorepository CoreOT2HL161847 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GROSS, RACHEL SHARON, HORWITZ, LEORA · 2021 to 2025
$651.0M
Spectrum Stanford Center for clinical and Translational Research and EducationUL1TR001085 · NCATS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CULLEN, MARK RICHARD, GREENBERG, HARRY BERNARD · 2013 to 2017
$37.1M
MOLECULAR &CELLULAR IMMUNOBIOLOGYT32AI007290 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Sean Curtis Bendall, Olivia M Martinez · 1985 to 2026
$27.0M
Computational models of naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malariaU01AI150741 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BUTTE, ATUL J, GREENHOUSE, BRYAN R · 2020 to 2024
$7.4M
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASEST32AI007502 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Prasanna Jagannathan, DAVID A. RELMAN · 1995 to 2026
$6.8M
Stanford Training Program in Lung BiologyT32HL129970 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CORNFIELD, DAVID N., NICOLLS, MARK ROBERT · 2016 to 2025
$3.2M
Defining factors affecting natural killer cells' antibody-dependent responses in COVID-19F31AI179125 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHAN, LESLIE · 2024 to 2025
$85k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001085NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161847NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL129970NIAID NIH HHS F31 AI179125NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007290NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007502NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI150741
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sex differences have been observed in acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Long Covid (LC) outcomes, with greater disease severity and mortality during acute infection in males and greater proportions of females developing LC. We hypothesized that sex-specific immune dysregulation contributes to LC pathogenesis. To investigate the immunologic underpinnings of LC development and symptom persistence, we performed multiomic analyses on blood samples obtained during acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and 3 and 12 months after infection in a cohort of 45 participants who either developed LC or recovered. Several sex-specific immune pathways were associated with LC. Males who would later develop LC exhibited increases in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling during acute infection, whereas females who would go on to develop LC had reduced

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Sex CharacteristicsAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNF-kappa BPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeSex FactorsSignal TransductionTransforming Growth Factor betaNF-kappa BTransforming Growth Factor beta

Identifiers

PMID39536117
PMCPMC12148066

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.