ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2024
Molecular signaling predicts corticospinal axon growth state and muscle response plasticity induced by neuromodulation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic activation of corticospinal tract neurons after pyramidotomy injury enhances neither behavioral recovery nor axonal sprouting.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- STAT3 Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury: Neurochemical Mechanisms Linking Neuroinflammation, Mitochondrial Stress, and Glial Remodeling.Neurochemical research · 2026Review
- Activation of the YAP1/pSTAT3/NRP1 axis in peritendinous sensory nerves promotes tendon healing.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- The diversity and plasticity of descending motor pathways rewired after stroke and trauma in rodents.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Electrical motor cortex stimulation can produce corticospinal system plasticity and enhance motor function after injury. We investigate molecular mechanisms of structural and physiological plasticity following electrical neuromodulation, focusing on identifying molecular predictors, or biomarkers, for durable plasticity. We used two neuromodulation protocols, repetitive multipulse stimulation (rMPS) and patterned intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), incorporating different stimulation durations and follow-up periods. We compared neuromodulation efficacy in promoting corticospinal tract (CST) sprouting, motor cortex muscle evoked potential (MEP) LTP-like plasticity, and their associated molecular underpinnings. Only iTBS produced CST sprouting after short-term neuromodulation (1 d of stimulation; 9-d survival for sprouting expression); both iTBS and rMPS produced sprouting with long-term (10-d) neuromodulation. Significant mTOR signaling activation and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein deactivation predicted axon growth across all neuromodulation conditions that produced significant sprouting. Both neuromodulation protocols, regardless of duration, were effective in producing MEP enhancement. However, persistent LTP-like enhancement of MEPs at 30 d was only produced by long-term iTBS. Statistical modeling suggests that Stat3 signaling is the key mediator of MEP enhancement. Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) alone did not affect baseline molecular signaling. Whereas iTBS and rMPS after SCI produced strong mTOR activation and PTEN deactivation, only iTBS produced Stat3 activation. Our findings support differential molecular biomarkers for neuromodulation-dependent structural and physiological plasticity and show that motor cortex epidural neuromodulation produces molecular changes in neurons that support axonal growth after SCI. iTBS may be more suitable for repair after SCI because it promotes molecular signaling for both CST growth and MEP plasticity.
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